COMPARATIVE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE HIGHER HIMALAYA, KAGHAN VALLEY, PAKISTAN: INTEGRATING SENTINEL-1 AND ALOS PALSAR SAR DATA WITH GEOLOGICAL FIELD MAPPING

Abstract

This study presents an integrated structural analysis of the Higher Himalaya in the Kaghan Valley, Pakistan, utilizing Sentinel-1 C-band and ALOS PALSAR L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data combined with detailed field-based geological mapping. Key tectonic features, including the Main Mantle Thrust (MMT), Main Central Thrust (MCT), and associated folds and back-thrusts, were identified and analyzed. Sentinel-1 (VV, VH) imagery highlighted topographic contrasts and steep structural elements, while ALOS PALSAR (HH, HV) offered superior vegetation penetration, enhancing the visualization of geomorphic offsets and fault scarps. The integration of satellite-derived lineaments with field-mapped structures refined the regional tectonic framework. Comparative analysis indicates that C-band data effectively delineate ridges and fault-controlled drainages, whereas L-band imagery excels in identifying buried or vegetated faults. This combined approach produces a validated structural map that advances understanding of Himalayan tectonic architecture and its neotectonic implications, aligning with recent advancements in SAR applications for landslide and deformation monitoring.

Keywords

Sentinel-1; ALOS PALSAR; SAR; Kaghan Valley; Himalaya; Structural Mapping; Field Integration; Neotectonics