Kainat Tariq, Syed Zeshan Haidar, Kohal deep, and Muhammad Haqan Ali Rai. “FEDERATED MACHINE LEARNING AS A PATHWAY TO PRIVACY-PRESERVING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SMART DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS”. Spectrum of Engineering Sciences, vol. 4, no. 3, Mar. 2026, pp. 4085-03, https://thesesjournal.com/index.php/1/article/view/3601.