Kainat Tariq, Syed Zeshan Haidar, Kohal Deep, and Muhammad Haqan Ali Rai. 2026. “FEDERATED MACHINE LEARNING AS A PATHWAY TO PRIVACY-PRESERVING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SMART DIGITAL ECOSYSTEMS”. Spectrum of Engineering Sciences 4 (3):3786-3804. https://thesesjournal.com/index.php/1/article/view/3578.