ELSA UROOJ; MUHAMMAD ADIL ALI; HUMAIRA TABASUM; MUHAMMAD AZEEM ULLAH SIDDIQUE; ZAHOOR AHMED. MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURES DRIVING MACHINE INTELLIGENCE: A QUANTITATIVE AND THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF LEARNING ALGORITHMS, COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORKS, AND THE ROLE OF MATHEMATICAL FORMALISM IN ADVANCING ARTIFICIAL COGNITIVE SYSTEMS. Spectrum of Engineering Sciences, [S. l.], v. 3, n. 11, p. 765–778, 2025. Disponível em: https://thesesjournal.com/index.php/1/article/view/1557. Acesso em: 10 mar. 2026.