SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE-POLYANILINE-SODIUM FLUORIDE HYBRID COMPOSITES: AC IMPEDANCE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES FOR SOLID-STATE BATTERY APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Developing safe, high-performance solid-state sodium batteries require engineering advanced electrolyte matrices capable of sustaining rapid ion-transport kinetics and enduring interface stability. A novel ternary Graphene Oxide-Polyaniline-Sodium Fluoride (GO-PANI-NaF) hybrid composite was synthesized via collaborative solution blending, chemical polymerization, and rapid thermal-shock reduction. FTIR analysis confirmed strong interfacial hydrogen bonding and chemical coupling across the functionalized networks, while XRD profiles confirmed the coexistence of amorphous polymer chain regions and crystalline NaF domains (33.65°, 38.95°, and 56.20°). SEM imaging revealed highly exfoliated, porous carbon sheets covered with micro-granular PANI-NaF clusters, creating optimized pathways for ionic conduction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that internal charge-transfer resistance drops from an initial 1450 Ω to 1100 Ω after activation cycles. Cyclic voltammetry verified outstanding redox reversibility with mirrored anodic and cathodic peaks at 3.4 V and 3.3 V, respectively. Galvanostatic testing delivered a peak specific discharge capacity of 111 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.47 mA cm⁻², while retaining an impressive capacity of 61 mAh g⁻¹ under an aggressive current load of 9.940 mA cm⁻². The composite electrode maintained a steady Coulombic efficiency plateau near 98% over 100 cycles, showcasing structural resilience and exceptional utility for next-generation solid-state sodium battery technologies.