OPTIMIZATION OF PEROVSKITE-BASED SOLAR CELLS FOR HIGH-EFFICIENCY PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY GENERATION UNDER PAKISTAN’S CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Abstract

Perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) are emerging as highly efficient and low-cost photovoltaic devices; however, their stability under harsh environmental conditions remains a key challenge. This study optimized PSC performance for Pakistan’s climatic conditions, characterized by high temperature, humidity, and dust exposure. A quantitative experimental approach was used to fabricate and evaluate devices with variations in perovskite composition, interface engineering, encapsulation, and device architecture. Performance was assessed through current–voltage measurements and stability tests under simulated environmental stress. Results showed that optimized configurations significantly improved power conversion efficiency and operational stability. Interface engineering and advanced encapsulation effectively reduced recombination losses and environmental degradation. However, elevated temperature and humidity were found to accelerate performance decline. The study concludes that climate-specific optimization is essential for reliable PSC deployment in Pakistan and similar regions.