HYBRID PRINTED ENERGY SYSTEMS: INTEGRATING FLEXIBLE SOLAR CELLS WITH ON-BODY ENERGY STORAGE

Abstract

This study presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a hybrid printed energy system that integrates flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with zinc-ion on-body energy storage units. Utilizing a scalable inkjet printing and low temperature annealing, the system had a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.8%, an open circuit voltage of 1.07 V and a fill factor of 74.1% under standard AM1.5G illumination. The areal capacitance, energy density and power density of the integrated zinc ion capacitor were 1.65 F/cm², 66.10 mWh/cm², and 21.5 mW/cm², respectively, and >95% capacitance retention was achieved after 5000 cycles. Direct photovoltaic power absorption coupling Now with the direct photovoltaic welding coupling with storage, a 91.4% charge transfer efficiency is achieved, and overall efficiency of 14.8%, demonstrating excellent energy charging phenomenon and real-time full-time charge ability; mechanical toughening the bending of >10,000 cycles, and more than 90% performance reserve. Statistical analysis (R² = 0.91) assured good predictive reliability between morphological uniformity and electrical output and the validation by simulation (with a root mean square error (RMSE < 3%) assured the accuracy of the model. The results lay the foundation for a robust, flexible and eco-friendly power platform that can be used for wearable and biomedical electronics, and create the way for large gardens scale sustainable energy integration using printed technologies.