IMPLEMENTATION OF 4D BIM IN PAKISTAN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Abstract

4D Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a transformative digital process that integrates 3D model geometry with construction schedule data (time), enabling dynamic simulation and visualization of project sequences. For Pakistan's construction sector, which is vital to the economy yet plagued by chronic delays and cost overruns, 4D BIM offers a powerful solution for improved planning, risk mitigation, and stakeholder communication. This literature review finds that while awareness of BIM is growing, its adoption in Pakistan remains in its infancy, with a mere 11% implementation rate primarily limited to basic 3D modelling. The transition to 4D BIM is severely hampered by a lack of skilled personnel, high initial costs, out-dated contractual frameworks, and a critical absence of government-led policy and national standards. Key insights confirm that strategic interventions are urgently needed. The literature recommends the development of a national BIM mandate, the initiation of public-sector pilot projects on major initiatives like CPEC, and comprehensive capacity-building through industry-academia partnerships to foster the expertise necessary for leveraging 4D BIM's significant benefits for project transparency and efficiency.

Keywords: 4D BIM, Pakistan Construction Industry, Project Scheduling, Digital Construction, BIM Adoption Challenges, Construction Project Management, CPEC, Building Information Modelling